You can do this in most Paradox Grand Strategy titles. Hearts of Iron IV for example matches your description pretty well. You have to host your own lobby though so the game won't just set you up with opponents.
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Hearts of Iron 4 multiplayer.
This sounds like EVE Online on a smaller scale
There's always the Civilization series, though the military aspect is just one part of the gameplay. Every civilization has a leader, there's a technology tree, and it's definitely more complicated than a map and a bunch of info. Still fun though, depending on what you're looking for.
Very fun, Civ is great if you enjoy board games. Basically a board game on pc or console.
There's a somewhat older game called Diplomacy, often played on forums, but there's also a dedicated web app for it
That looks fun. Thanks.
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Being serious, I think another game that is worth mentioning, and that is Bannerlord with the Bannerlord Online modification: https://bannerlord-online.com/
You can check out a gameplay video here.
This I think this might be the closest game to your needs.
Maybe: https://triplea-game.org/
I don't think so but I still downloaded it because it looked fun. The one I played was in the browser I think.
Sounds like Hearts of Iron IV
Back in the early 2000s I played a few scifi browser games that work similar to what you describe. OGame might still be alive: https://lobby.ogame.gameforge.com/en_GB/
Looks great, thanks!