My bet is it tries to default to mode that your display doesn’t like, probably because of some wrong info in monitor’s EDID downloaded from the connector, but that’s just my guess.
Before booting, use key e on grub menu, locate line where there is initrd to pass boot parameters. You can force modes using video= parameter, and you can also replace/modify your EDID. Refer to section # Forcing modes and EDID on this page: https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Kernel_mode_setting
These changes can also be achieved permanently by editing /etc/default/grub and regenerating its configuration, in case you use grub.
Easiest would be to have separate extra monitor temporarily or another computer to connect over SSH, but if those low “safe” graphics modes work, that can probably do also.