The latest research from the Association of Indigenous Peoples Defenders of Nusantara identified 21 matarumah (lineages) of this tribe, each consisting of four to five heads of families, that inhabit the Halmahera mainland. The tribes have rarely had direct contact with people outside the forest.
But now, huge areas of their territory have been allocated to mining companies, and in some areas, excavators are already at work. Most recently, their relationship with the forest has been disturbed by nickel dredging projects in several corners of Halmahera. Indonesia holds about 42 percent of the world’s total nickel reserves, and it is planning to maximize mining it to meet the steep rise in global demand for the metal critical to the energy transition. But mining Indonesian nickel ore requires felling the forests atop the deposits.
The climate commitments made by signatories to the United Nations’ Paris Agreement are expected to increase the world’s nickel needs 60 percent by 2040.