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Checkout ballistic performance for 308
Here's 223
Look at the energy specifically. 308 is a 7.62mm wide projectile, compared to the 223,which is 5.56mm, meaning it's much bigger. Normal 223 you can buy is gonna be 55 gr (4 g) while 308 has a much wider range between 150 gr (10 g) to 180 gr (11.7 g). While 308 is only going 80% of the speed of 223, it's 3 times heavier.
308 energy: 2,718 ft⋅lbf (3,685 J) 223 energy: 1,265 ft⋅lbf (1,715 J) That's a little more than twice as much power.
TL;DR 308 is used for hunting animals like deer and other mid size game, most states in the US do not allow 223 to be used for hunting those types of animals (underpowered)