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How do I get into HAM radio cheaply and legally?
Laws and regulations will vary a bit depending on what country you live in, but assuming you're in the US the process is pretty simple but involves some studying
Pass the test, buy a radio, start talking.
There's 3 classes of license- technician, general, and extra that give you permission to use different bands and modes, extra of course gives you the most options, technician the fewest. If you pass your technician exam you can usually go ahead and take your general exam right then and there, and if you pass that you can go ahead and get extra all in the same sitting.
Finding somewhere to take the test is the tricky part, but if you look up amateur radio clubs in your area they probably have it published somewhere and I think the ARRL website has a list of places/clubs that do it and when. I think some of them have started offering an online test since covid but I don't really know how that works.
There's a license/test fee, don't remember what that is off the top of my head, I want to say around $40 but don't quote me.
As far as studying, there's a lot of resources out there, apps, reference books, the FCC publishes the question pool they use for the test, etc.
As far as radios, you can get a baofeng handheld for like $20 on Amazon, a lot of hams give them shit but they probably also have one or two kicking around because they're so cheap. They don't have a lot of bells and whistles but they're probably the cheapest way to just start talking to other hams.
Radios get expensive quick, that's one of the reasons I haven't gotten too into it, I have better things to drop hundreds or thousands of dollars on, but you can find some good deals on used equipment, ebay, flea markets, etc.
Start with a baofeng, talk to other hams, maybe go to club meetings or events, figure out what else you want to do and go from there.
Also ham is not an acronym, no need to capitalize, I believe the consensus is that it originated because amateur radio operators were more ham-fisted in their radio usage than professional radio operators so they started calling them hams.
Can I buy a radio and use it to receive without a license?
Yeah, listening is totally allowed, just don't transmit without a license. Depending on the radio there's often a way to lock out the PTT button so you don't accidentally key up.
Programming the radio can sometimes be a bit of a pain in the ass, CHIRP is a free program that's often recommended for baofengs, you'll also need to figure out what repeaters are in your area so you know what frequencies to listen to
Some baofangs even are sold with the ability to transmit locked out for ham frequencies now. They can still transmit in the frequencies that normal walkie talkies operate on though. I think they started using btech as the brand for the ham radio ones are now.
Was annoyed when I accidentally bought a few of those. But they're only like $17.
I got a UV-5R, is that one of the locked down ones?
I can't say. I think I have uv-5r that can and some that can't.
You'll have to check the listing you got it from. Maybe even go to an unused ham frequency and see what happens when you press the PTT button.
Theoretically, that's all you need. It's possible to use certain internet linked amateur transmitters for no cost as long as you have a valid callsign. However, I promise it's a lot more fun with a real transceiver. You can buy a bare minimum, highly hackable handheld VHF/UHF transceiver for as little as $20.
Or you can slowly give your soul to the moneypit of HF equipment...