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For Firefox users, there is media bias / propaganda / fact check plugin.
https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/media-bias-fact-check/
- Consider including the article’s mediabiasfactcheck.com/ link
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They estimate because they are comparing measured amounts to a counterfactual where they didnt expand ulez, which obviously requires estimation.
They did present the data on the measured* levels and changes over the period, tables 43 and 44. And table 45 shows the observed trend and the counterfactual that they estimated in order to estimate the impact. (as womble pointed you can't measure an impact outside of a laboratory on something with complex influences, because you can't measure the counterfactual).
They don't want to attribute the whole meaasured improvement in air quality to ULEZ, as some of the change should attributed to other influences or pre-existing trends.
Hey, thank you so much for looking into it and checking it for me, I really appreciate that.
Clearly I was wrong here, I apologise for not checking the report closely enough, though I think they probably should have mentioned that they had measured and seen an impact. I totally understand why they don’t want to claim that impact is totally caused by their changes but from my cursory reading it didn’t seem like they had measured anything at all.
Going to edit or delete my previous comments to retract them.
yeah, studies like that need to do a lot of work - if they're any good - and look at a a lot of different angles.. The news articles usually do a terrible job of explaining such studies and the strengths and weaknesses - so it is hard to see the real evidence base or assess how much weight to put on it.
Unfortunately, in my opinion - the best way to know if such studies are any good is to ignore the news article completely , find the the full paper and spend a bit of time trawling through it.