Yeah, windows tends to sometimes nuke grub when it updates, if they are in the same drive. I've found that the easiest way to fix it is to chroot into the Linux system from a live iso, re-install grub and re-make it's config...
As for preventing this from happening again, the dumb way would be to use something like AtlasOS, ReviOS or Chris Titus's windows deboating script and disabling Windows update entirely.
The smart way would be to move Linux, grub and grub's EFI partition to a separate disk all together... That way windows has a harder time nuking them (though it still does it sometimes).
And no, this issue is not grub specific, windows can and will occasionally nuke any other bootloader when it updates...